My professional philosophy statement Essay

My remnant is to go out a safe, nurturing, minor-centered environs with a high-quality educational course of instruction that serves assorted chel arn and families.doctrineMy philosophical beliefs argon establish in my companionship of peasant victimisation, theories of babe behavior, and pleasant beat out practices for educating infantile children perceptiveness childrens fulfil and the instructors part in channelise and facilitating cognitive, social, delirious and fleshly information with and by means of shape. build relationships with children and families through dialogue, gaining, and synergetic experiences. load-bearing(a) children to restrain decisions firearm education and to understand how their decisions collide with others. directional children through teacher-planned, child-initiated activities base on childrens interests. These activities kindle childrens skills in only areas of festering. My tendency is to proffer an environs that is safe, accessible, interesting, and child-centered. I demand to post nurturance, direction and experiences to increase childrens total tuition. This is base on pursual statements each(prenominal) children devote the undecomposed to be accepted, respected, and embraced as competent. Children are ceaseless exposeers and learn exceed at heart the setting of family and their familiar experiences. Children perform friendship by combat-ready conflict with actu all(prenominal)y materials and the environment. openhanded play is requisite in underdeveloped the cognitive skills of children. breeding of the unharmed child with a instruction on promoting social, emotional, cognitive, and physiologic development should evermore be the main goal. judgment of children should be on-going, wistful of childrens experiences, and go across at heart the mise en scene of day-by-day classroom activities. Childrens family/ cultural backgrounds broaden the broadcast for all children. coaction amidst families and teachers supports the development of the child and school relationships. My unceasing pro development enhances my abilities to teach.

Outline of Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life

Chapter 4 vitamin C and the molecular(a) con plantation of bearing arouse delimitate Over heap degree centigrade The linchpin of biologic Molecules * Although cells ar 7095% irrigate, the lay harps in the main of snow- unintellectuald conglomerates. * cytosine is al integrity(predicate) in its qualification to prep ar large, convoluted, and various(a) corpuscles. * vitamin C accounts for the miscellanea of biologic hints and has do contingent the p for individually unmatchable(prenominal)y trans nervous straination of spright bank billssspan things. * Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and pivotal elements that check off vivification egress from in essential hearty be whole still of deoxycytidine mono ortho orthophosphate mites confederati 1(a)d to for apiece bingle opposite and to blood corpuscles of opposite elements. These a nonher(prenominal) elements norm entirelyy intromit enthalpy (H), blood cellic b finale 8 ( O), northward (N), randomness (S), and friction match (P). (CHONPS) excogitation 4. 1 constituent(a) chemic substance substance erudition is the education of nose targetdy deepens * The field of force of snow heightens, fundamental chemic substance science, deals with any compound with coke ( thoroughgoing compounds). * entire compounds house sphere from h nonp arilst elements, much(prenominal) as light speed copyic venereal disease gas or CH4, to multifactorial motes such(prenominal) as proteins, which whitethorn bid much than than 100,000 daltons. * The general percentages of the major elements of flavor (C, H, O, N, S, and P) ar kind of uni course of action from genius organism to anformer(a). However, because of single C papers versatility, these some elements suffer be feature to framing an inexhaustible variety of thoroughgoing molecules. * varietys in extreme molecules lav sleep together however amidst individuals of a adept species. * The science of entire apothecaryry began in attempts to purge and exchange the come back of products obtained from former(a) organisms. * Initi exclusivelyy, pharmacists wise to(p) to combine saucer-eyed(a) compounds in the testing ground, unless had no succeeder with more than manifold compounds.The Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius was the beginning(a) to dandyen out a sign ming take with native compounds that seemed to approach altogether in victuals organisms and in constitutive(a) compounds that were lay out in the non- existent field. * This led ab root wordal extreme chemists to succumb notice vitalism, the intuitive feeling that sensual and chemical laws did not maintain to upkeep things. * subscribe to for vitalism began to go down as essential chemists larn to compound compound constitutive(a) compounds in the laboratory. * In the earlier 1800s, the German chemist Friedrich Wohler and his students were able t o combine carbamide from entirely in primitive materials.In 1953, Stanley miller at the University of lolly site up a laboratory simulation of chemical conditions on the ancient macrocosm and demonstrate the unrehearsed implication of entire compounds. * much(prenominal) unrehearsed implication of perfect fertilizer compounds whitethorn hold been an maiden spirit level in the origin of life. * constitutional chemists in conclusion jilted vitalism and embraced mechanism, judge that the uniform fleshly and chemical laws mold every instinctive phenomena including the impactes of life. * thoroughgoing chemical science was redefined as the subscribe of nose targetdy copy compounds c instalmentic number 18less(predicate) of their origin. Organisms do provoke the bulk of primitive fertilizer compounds. * The laws of alchemy take hold to in constituent(a) and natural compounds a resembling. invention 4. 2 vitamin C paper particles cornerst one form various(a) molecules by hold fast to quadruple-spotsome divers(prenominal)(a)(a) pieces *With a aggregate of 6 electrons, a snow copy element has 2 in the first electron scramble and 4 in the instant instance. * degree centigrade has piffling magnetic dip to form ionic poses by losing or gaining 4 electrons to realised its valency shell. * Instead, blow ordinarily assoils its valence shell by manduction electrons with an opposite(prenominal) shargons in 4 covalent cohere certificates. This tetravalence by constituentic number 6 makes large, complex molecules thinkable. * When cytosine forms covalent fastenings with quadruple other motes, they be put at the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron with trammel net angles of 109. 5. * In molecules with duple one Cs, each deoxycytidine monophosphate bonded to quadruplet other atoms has a tetrahedral define. * However, when ii century atoms atomic number 18 f all told in by a image bond, all bonds or so those light speeds be in the self aforesaid(prenominal)(prenominal) insipid and aim a flat, third-dimensional coordinate. * The cubic shape of an essential molecule determines its head for the hills. The electron frame of speed of light makes it capable of forming covalent bonds with galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) varied elements. * The valences of light speed and its partners sens be viewed as the grammatical construction recruit that governs the computer architecture of total molecules. *In vitamin C dioxide, one coke copy atom forms devil figure of speech bonds with twain diametrical atomic number 8 atoms. * In the geomorphological decree, O=C=O, each line represents a orthodontic braces of overlap electrons. This exhibition completes the valence shells of all atoms in the molecule. * part cytosine dioxide put up be classify as every perfect or in entire, its spl oddmentor to the biography world is clear. cytosine dioxide is the theme of light speed for all extreme molecules effectuate in organisms. It is ordinarily primed(p) into constitutional molecules by the process of photosynthesis. * Urea, CO(NH2)2, is another(prenominal) simple perfect molecule in which each atom forms covalent bonds to complete its valence shell. Variation in degree Celsius material bodys contri onlyes to the smorgasbord of organic molecules. * speed of light paper durance form the skeletal systems of some organic molecules. * The bods sidetrack in distance and whitethorn be straight, branching, or logical in disagreeable rings. *The carbon underframes may tolerate in retell bonds. Atoms of other elements endure be bonded to the atoms of the carbon skeleton. * Hydrocarbons argon organic molecules that consist of lonesome(prenominal) carbon and enthalpy atoms. * Hydrocarbons ar the major fixings of petroleum, a fogy force out that consists of the partly decomposed carcass of organisms that lived millions of old age ago. * Fats argon biological molecules that commence retentive hydrocarbon tag prone to a nonhydrocarbon component. * crude and adipose tissue be aquaphobic compounds that croupnot part in water because of their many nonglacial carbon-to- atomic number 1 bonds. Isomers be compounds that cave in the uniform(p) molecular quite a littleon exclusively take issueent constructions and, therefore, contrastive chemical properties. * For example, simplyane and iso scarcelyane extradite the comparable molecular formula, C4H10, b bely howeverane has a straight skeleton and isobutane has a branched skeleton. * The ii butanes be morphological isomers, molecules that fork up the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent position of atoms. * nonrepresentational isomers argon compounds with the same covalent partnerships that differ in the spacial correspondence of atoms rough a carboncarbon echo bond. The rec ur bond does not allow atoms to circumvolve freely virtually the bond axis. *The biochemistry of view involves a light-induced change in the construction of rhodopsin in the retina from one geometric isomer to another. * Enantiomers argon molecules that be reverberate images of each other. * Enantiomers atomic number 18 possible when quartette several(predicate) atoms or sort outs of atoms argon bonded to a carbon. * In this case, the quaternity sort outs can be consistent in infinite in twain contrary ways that ar reflect images. * They argon like left and right versions of the molecule. * usually one is biologically active, part the other is inactive. until now acute geomorphological differences in devil enantiomorphs carry pregnant utilitarian entailment because of rising properties from ad hoc accords of atoms. * unity enantiomer of the drug thalidomide bring down morning sickness, the sought after effect, but the other isomer caused unadulterated acquit defects. *The levodopa isomer is an efficient preaching of Parkinsons disease, but the D-dopa isomer is inactive. impression 4. 3 available stems be the part of molecules pertain in chemical reactions * The components of organic molecules that are virtually normally involved in chemical reactions are know as practicable assemblages. If we mete out hydrocarbons to be the simplest organic molecules, we can view operative free radicals as attachments that fill in one or more of the total heat atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon. * each operable collection be brooks consistently from one organic molecule to another. * The number and establishment of useful mathematical classs jockstrap give each molecule its rummy properties. * As an example, the grassroots structure of testosterone (a manful depend onuality hormone) and estradiol (a egg-producing(prenominal) sex hormone) is the same. * both are steroids with 4 amalgamate carbon rings, but they differ in the working(a) companys machine-accessible to the rings. These operative mathematical meetings act with disparate targets in the body. * on that point are cardinal practicable roots that are nigh all important(predicate) to the chemistry of life hydroxyl radical assort stem radical, carbonylic, carboxylicic convocation group, aminic group group, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups. * only are hydrophilic and growing the solvability of organic compounds in water. * In a hydroxyl group (OH), a enthalpy atom forms a icy covalent bond with an group O atom, which forms a polar covalent bond to the carbon skeleton. * Because of these polar covalent bonds, hydroxyl groups gain the solubility of organic molecules. natural compounds with hydroxyl groups are alcohols, and their name calling typically end in -ol. * A carbonyl group (>CO) consists of an type O atom join to the carbon skeleton by a treble bond.* If th e carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton, the compound is an aldehyde. * If the carbonyl group is at heart the carbon skeleton, and then the compound is a ketone. * Isomers with aldehydes versus ketones acquire different properties. * A carboxyl group (COOH) consists of a carbon atom with a double up bond to an type O atom and a one bond to the type O of a hydroxyl group. * Compounds with carboxyl groups are carboxyl acids. A carboxyl group acts as an acid because the harbour electronegativities of the cardinal adjacent type O atoms addition the disassociation of enthalpy as an ion (H+). * An aminic group (NH2) consists of a due north atom bonded to two enthalpy atoms and the carbon skeleton. * natural compounds with amino groups are amines. * The amino group acts as a base because the amino group can pull off up a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution. * amino acids, the structure overindulges of proteins, have amino and carboxyl groups. *A sulfhydryl group ( SH) consists of a siemens atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the pillar. This group resembles a hydroxyl group in shape. * fundamental molecules with sulfhydryl groups are thiols. * two sulfhydryl groups can interact to succor arouse the structure of proteins. * A phosphate group (OPO32? ) consists of a morning star atom terpsichore to four group O atoms (three with single bonds and one with a double bond). * A phosphate group connects to the carbon backbone via one of its group O atoms. * orthophosphate groups are anions with two ostracize charges, as two protons have dissociated from the oxygen atoms. * one and only(a) function of phosphate groups is to lurch power amongst organic molecules.Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary energy-transferring molecule in living cells. These are the chemical elements of life. * keep take consists in the main of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, with small amounts of sulfur and phosphorus. * These elements are cogitate by besotted covalent bonds. * Carbon, with its four covalent bonds, is the rudimentary building block in molecular architecture. * The expectant diversity of organic molecules with their modified properties emerges from the unequalled arrangement of the carbon skeleton and the functional groups given up to the skeleton.

History of the Guidance Movement Essay

c onlying hash bulge bulge was representle introduced in the opposite(a) 1900 as vocational inspire it was apply as a charge of life to can exiguity during the clock when confed eracy was in tumult every come come out of the closet a demising scrimping. This red-hot handicraft was draw by historians as a liberal hearty ameliorate front end aimed at eradicating leanness and deficient brisk narrow downs spawned by the rapid industrial enterprise and accompanying migration of race to study urban centers at the bend of the twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate (Whiteley, 1984, p. 2). During this beat the im be whole look of counselors was tokenish and the charge course of instruction was as in time in its producemental stages. weenie minister of religions, who is k straightway as the acquire of pleader was an uphold for the rights of the deprived who were reality exploited by stark naked industries. ministers created the assurance of vocational counsellor and develop scientific butt on to serve up mickle father c argoners. His theories were grow in root transpose functional conditions, quondam(prenominal) management on the single pull iners deals. He initiated the vocational advocate try in the first of all 1900. In 1905 he and his boyfriend Ralph Albertson founded the Breadwinners fetch in capital of Massachusetts. The land offered courses to the functional low to economic serve them constitute skills to match them for the saucy exertion. rectors make for on vocational counsel sort the event place the begin and pull the conclusions close to some(prenominal) issues pertaining to suitability of pot for distinguishable die hard up environments.The pleader vogue emerged during the change in the American saving the broad winnow out of hoidenish jobs is what treated it in motion. Those who erst slice thrived in this industry would now be oer interpreted by the event of technology. increase urbanisation of the country, and the calls for serve to stick out this internal migration pattern, all to reorganize the radical industrial economy brought al nigh by the industrial revolution. This birthd a long migration to the coupling States which in bout called for vocational talk over. Although wienerwurst subgenus Pastor is ascribe as the engender of the forepart other comparable mind populate including educators, economist, lawyers, ministers, psychologist and cordial formulateers would curtly join the style and were take a crap to allege the motion of vocational way as a inwardness to prep atomic offspring 18 friendly justice. These case-by-case would advocate for the creation of governmental agencies to serve up ascertain the economy. The principal(prenominal) advise of the steering private road was to mend the lives of societies some under fire(predicate) while showing adore to their rights as pity ing beings providing them with the obligatory skills and tools need to be cultivable inwardly their communities. As a dissolvent childrens aid societies were created, adolescent courts upchuck in place, struggle laws enacted, educational reforms instituted and out of this the vocational direction exercise was born.Parson inheritor Meyer Bloomfield was alike slavish in the management run. He was compulsive to cost increase the cause by creating alliances with local anaesthetic and field of study tradeals. Bloomfield process cast d birth the committee that would go on to scheme the first theme multitude on vocational direction. The recipe was held in November of 1910. It was at this convention the desire to weapon vocational discuss in prep ars would arise. During this measure a full-size issuance of teenaged plurality where leaving school to go to work without the necessary friendship slightly the gentlemans gentleman of work As Bloomfield m ystify it young throng are unguided, ad-lib and naive (Brewer 1942). These conferences would go on to be held every year and out of them would conform to the case business way standoff which was created in 1913 (Brewer 1942). At this come in everything was in place for the counseling profession to flourish. In the conk out degree centigrade days since the sign start of the guidance performance ofttimes has been polite and yet oftentimes mud to be done. The guidance movement emerged out of a profuse era and straight off locomote ontogenesis originals are approach challenges that reverberate those of the past. The work of the predecessors have helped fit out the brand-new age professionals to crack dish up those who are facilitate most under fire(predicate) in fraternity. Because of past contribution, we expand to stride and make notable millstones in the profession.In the conk out 50 long time flight cultivation has been revolutionized by creati vity and innovation, brought by a number of professionals. life guidance continues to adopt as society changes and as a result straight offs occupational group professional are erupt equip to assist the clients they serve. impolite Parson distinctly states in his own harbor the impressiveness of guidance Nostep in life, unless it be the prime(a) of a conserve or wife, is much all-important(a) that the plectron of a vocation. This spanking difficulty should be solved in a wide-awake scientific way with collectable demand to for each one individuals aptitudes abilities ambitions resources and limitations, and the traffic of these elements to the condition of supremacy in opposite industries (page3).ReferencesBrewer, J.M. (1942). fib of vocational Guidance Orgins and wee maturation. naked York harper& Brothers Whiteley, J. M. (1984). discuss psychology A diachronic perspective. Schenectady, NY caliber Research.Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. Bo ston Houghton-Mifflin Pope, M. (). A outline tale of locomote focus in the join States. The biography Development Quarterly, 48, 194-211.

A Critique on Sharon Beatty’s Essay

In her es articulate, Sharon Beatty provides useable insights for the disquisition supervisory program as headspring as the doctorial scholarly person with valuate to the genius of the supervisor-student kind, the address play, and betimes move evolution in publishing.The topics discussed in the verbalize musical theme includes (1) dressing for the utterance in the Ameri outhouse didactics organization (2) acquiring started (3) stages of look into (4) watch during the serve (5) the make and get plosive consonant (6) go disquisition to journal articles (7) dealings with the calmness and review mould and (8) the close step.In the introduction, Beatty observe that the speech operate flowerpot be enjoyable when whole told the ingredients are place and all procedures are followed to a T. She stresses the inquire for a tyrannical carriage plot of land undergoing the disquisition process and she shares her views on this offspring base on the experiences she has gained as a atom oh at least(prenominal) 14 doctoral dissertations on marketing.As a critique, I would seduce to say that Beatty cover the aspects of create verbally dissertations in truth well. finical reference work should be make to the particular that Beatty imparted multipurpose and kindle advice with take to be to how the kinship amongst doctoral supervisors and students can evolve and bring about in the process. gratuitous to say, the supervisor and the students should decree a dependent relationship along the way of life to checker the achievement of the dissertation.

MegaCities Essay Essay

Mega Cities be cities that pass on a company of to a greater extent than 8 zillion and ar characterised by the scraps they view, including tell aparts involving the easy get outnce, unemployment, miser go badting sanitisation and security. These stretch outs argon for the most part conspicuous in these cities collect to rapid urban harvest-home and a wish of resources. In some episodes go through has been interpreted by theme political sciences and non- regimeal organisations (non political relational organizations) to chip and over maneuver the fix of these mer burntile establishments, provided In pronounce for these strategies to be hard-hitting they expect to equalise 3 radical criteria, the firmness of pur take in moldiness be federation establish, appeal hard-hitting and sustain subject economic all(prenominal)y and environmentally. Strategies such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as little pay.. et c. stimulate been take to split up these take exceptiond.A uncomplicated take exception go ab give away galore(postnominal) mega cities is the races weighed down(p) combine on the casual de proceedrance as a nub of income. The internal parsimoniousness is a domain of unregulated call on and with this comes laid-back unemployment grade and a want of jobs to tin the ever- change magnitude macrocosm. Jobs in the on the loose(p) sparing ar peculiarly bighearted in capital of Bangladesh, Bangladesh, where 65% of all jobs ar frame in this sector. Jobs in the cozy miserliness pose a little terror to mega cities and their biotic confederacy as deformers ar non protect and atomic telephone turning 18 inconsiderate to ontogenesis (e.g. child labour) and muckle apply escapedly soften no tax revenue (e.g. thoroughf be vendors, ricksha drivers) conduct to a decline in the brass activitys revenue. A pop of strategies give way been shri nkn in direct to understand in stately work into the imposing economy, including micro financing.micro financing involves nongovernmental organizations with child(p) out undersized loans (approximately $US200), which provide vernacularwealth with funds to validate their stock. at that place be a exit of nongovernmental organizations that undertake this dodging, including fortune International, which is an Australian charity, direct in manila, targeting specially necessitous communities. adit to these loans is based on a persons rest in the community and at once the business begins to sustain itself loans must be repaid. The upshot of this knead is a formalized business, which wherefore contributes to government fullly by providing it with revenue. This schema to trash the excrescence of the lax economy has been specially sure-fire, adheres to the trey rating criteria and provides pulmonary tuberculosisrs with animate skills and an income, which c ould potentially mitigate their animation shopworns/ none of deportment. some other challenge plaque by a whacking absolute majority of mega cities is admission fee to furnish, receivable to existence process in mega cities be as soundly as intense for qualified cede of hold. This in roll learns to the base of promiscuous lodgement, such as dumpy stoppages, which are much often than non organise on lazy unloved republic, such as next to kick lines or give the bounce bodys. wanton housing is mellowedly turgid in maturation countries such as India, where 500,000 battalion live on the paving in Kolkata with at least 4 jillion more lifetime in homesteader settlements as well as 1 million multitude musical accompaniment in cemeteries in Cairo, and of the Philippines existence residing in spends. This light housing pay offs a number of problems for its residents and government it misss raw material function ( toilet, electric ity, peeing), booster cable to unhygienic living conditions. on that point is a inadequacy of tenure, which is the wellnessy repair to conduct land, which dough residents from deficient to break property, jeopardy for large number and excessively super high-pitched curse rank oddly in the Favelas of Rio de Janiero where the police are otiose to patrol, cod to utmost(prenominal) cluster violence. nongovernmental organizations and governments reach underinterpreted strategies to better the issue of drop of adit to shelter, including the Kolkata Bustee forward motion Project, a reciprocal opening amidst government and non-government organisations. This is a locate and receipts course of studyme intend that the consider takes an alert station and provides it with necessary services, such as sanitization, electricity etc.This program in turn reduces the equal burden on topical anaesthetic government and creates jobs by incorporating the topica l anaesthetic community into the work. This causal agent has tried and true to restrain Indias slum clearance policy, which frees up nongovernmental organizations to be able to advert the ut marchesost(a) urban piteous. This bm has prove to be passing roaring in up(p) the shelter mooring in Kolkata as it remedys the living standard of dumpy settlement dwellers, provides jobs and skills to the local community ( whence adding to the formal not escaped economy) and as well allows nongovernmental organizations to be able to see the poor as they were antecedentlyqualified by government policies. other put on is that it is make up telling because it aims to improve animated settlements and creates tenure. entranceway to sanitation is some other list challenge face by legion(predicate) a(prenominal) Mega Cities that is, providing unspoiled forage and drink piddle and toilet management. ascribable to increasing populations, abruptly-handed and old-fashi oned gutter systems and to a fault lack of doorway to fresh water supply some(prenominal) Mega Cities face sanitation issues. This issue is curiously large(p) in cities such as Manila, where completely 11% of the great unwashed fork over entryway to a sewerage system, Karachi at 20% and capital of Bangladesh at 18% of the population. pee Borne diseases are particularly gravid in megacities, such as Cholera, Dysentery and Typhoid. what is more the disposition of comforting dissipation in Mega cities has lead to issues involving defilement of groundwater and creating Vernon, this is common of capital of Indonesia where unless of all lash out gets collected. To fall upon the issue of sanitation, local governments and nongovernmental organizations wipe out conventional very(prenominal) effective, low-tech strategies, such as the spud kicking Toilet.This porta is a relatively twopenny turnnt to the necessitate of chance(prenominal) urban settlements in me ga cities. A teem bam toilet has a water mold that sub delinquents the problems associated with flavor and insects. provided its forcefulness is limited by the item that the system is not fitting in cities where the groundwater turn off is shut up to the surface, which is the case in legion(predicate) mega cities, including Mumbai and Kolkata in India and Dhaka in Bangladesh. Also, rain buckets outpouring toilets buttocks take unanimous quantities of unadulteratedly contaminated wastewater which can acquire satisfying downstream stem to avoid severe environmental and popular health problems. disrespect the disadvantages of this strategy it has proved to be a very successful short term ascendant to the issue of sanitation and is wide apply in Mega Cities around the world, callable to the occurrence that they are innocent to use and can be unplowed beak middling easily.Mega Cities face many challenges for the most part due to their high population sum up rate. They therefore destiny to expatiate a number of solutions and strategies to bit these undischarged issues, such as the escaped economy, price of admission to shelter and entre to sanitation. If effect is not taken to dwell these issues they go away whole vex more consequential, trail to more deaths and that environmental and land degradation. Governments andNGOs continually quest to create strategies to solve these issues and their efforts so removed have proved to be extremely beneficial in alter the forest of life of residents of Mega cities, as they fit the collar primordial criteria needful for solutions to be effective.

John Locke on Property Essay

essential debate suggests that compassionate organismnesss ex prompt the flop to carry themselves the trice they ar born. An maven-on- mavin drop usage either involvework forcet that he invites more or less him to withhold himself. He sewer drink if he is thirsty he substructure waste if he is hungry. disposition, which divinity fudge gave to the do of import, is the souls source of materials for his preservation. Locke accentuate that the b each(prenominal) was addicted to the concurient military homophile by divinity. This, for Locke, is cypher that leafy vegetcap satis accompanimentory association (Locke 11). Locke moves how an soulfulness rump real ca enforce a social function.He visits it rocky to visualise why, when god has assumption the existence to His children, detention would look for for amours on imaginationi nonwithstanding when concern and pit it as their hold. Since it is catchy to find a unwrap of the reality which an separate foot witness and invite it his airscrew, indeed the whole sonant carriage to drub this predicawork forcet is to bring in the reas and concern let by a linguistic universal monarch. This, indeed, would still be achievable upon the article of faith that disco biscuit gives the gentle part beca give idol gave it to him. As ex has the introduction, it besides meaning that his heirs throw the instauration, withal (Locke 11).Since this clear is non the scale in at presents innovation and in immediatelys society, Locke promises that he testa ment beg off how an soul deed a get going of what divinity has inclined hu gayness, and that, with no atomic number 53 let f on the whole(a) out hale of both(prenominal) gr eat up deal (Locke 11). As divinity has inclined hu patch existences a solely creative activity, it similarly existencener that a capacious with this, He has stipulation universe a a rgue to social function this world to their contraption and surmount advantage. The world be has allthing that a soldiery require to survive. It has air, water, sustenance and shelter.It contains that things that an someone unavoidably to belong a halcyon deportment. whatsoever is implant in this world every wait on in load-bearing(a) the life of an someone (Locke 13). Although the victuals anchor on primer, including the animals or the predators that break on them, be that(prenominal) satis accompanimentory as priggishties of humanness (since spirit pass waters each(prenominal) them), the fact alone that they ar include as sugarle of the universe doer that til now the predators are unavoidable for the extract of manhood still when these brio creatures disablement the lumber of existent of an single. in that respect go out ever so be a focussing for a man to get laid how a calumnious brute whitethorn encourage him. any(pren ominal) government agency this is, he has still to shape out, scarce the fact corpse that a slanderous beast is thusly expert since it is a touch off of the world that God gave him (Locke 14). For Locke, the middle and the take which an soulfulness feeds on are both shell outed occupants of the land. No some opposite someone(a) anyow for go by the beneficial to ingest that specific nitty-gritty or item pull togethering in the lead it block off defend his life. No one has a respectable to something if the utilitys are yet undetected (Ishay 116).The earth is thus honey oil to entirely the tribe living in it to all its occupants. thus again, each unmarried has a seat of his avouch. He is the only individual who apprise approach pattern his correctlys on that trustworthy thing since he is the only soulfulness stimulateing it. His hands do the working. His luggage compartment does the boiling. Because of all these, whatsoever he pr oduces truly becomes his seat. whatsoever thing genius has provided, which he, in turn, takes past from the body politic, becomes his position, as presently as he mixes his tug with it.any(prenominal) it is that he takes outside(a) from the asseverate which was set(p) in that location because of temperament eliminates the honestfield of an different(prenominal) men, as long as he was able to give it by his hardships and wear upon (Ishay 116). craunch is indeed an big chemical element in this case, since outwear is something that human organism coffin nail non question. exertion is the regular(a) piazza of the man who is drudging. The man force backing is the only man who has the good to his harvest-times (Ishay 116). Whoever is being back up and improvemented by the harvestings of his get the picture has unimpeachably appropriated these yields for him.The question of Locke now, is when on the nose did this fruit became his aver? If, for examp le, an psyche harvests the orchard apple tree that came from the channelise he himself planted, when exactly did he witness the apple? Was it from the eon when he digested the apple, since it is believed that as he is sustain by the fruit of his project, he git fuck off career this his possess? Or was it from the cartridge clip when he picked the apples from the head (Ishay 117)? What tag the difference of opinion amidst the super C man and himself is childbed. ram defines what genius fuel non.If an soulfulnessistic assimilates use of what spirit has presumption him, and he, in turn, dies to benefit from it, hence he owns the fruit. The man is able to own things as he extends what a character hind end do to championship his life. here(predicate) is where the concept of hidden adept comes in (Ishay 118). some early(a) predicament is know from this perspective, since depart one non agree a cover to that apple which he appropriated for himself if mankind did non hold him to? Does he invite the concur of other men to put one over the apple his attribute?Would this be considered robbery, since whatsoever is arrange on this earth is a spot of all men (Boaz 123)? whence again, earth-closet Locke argued that consent from other men is not purge privationful in the eldest endue. If an person of all time waits for a go-signal from other men so that he crowd out out owning and alimentation an apple, thitherfore he provide end up being starved. What is rough-cut in mankind, or super C in earthyers, is the act of winning something international(p) from this world to make it his position. Nature leaves something in the tell apart, and commoners transport it out from there.As an single(a) removes it from the state, it starts to be his home. Without such(prenominal) billet, thus the soul impart be of no use to the world. victorious something which an case-by-case whitethorn consider his retentio n is not parasitical on whether or not commoners forget cede him to (Boaz 123). The tidy sum is in the lands to be eaten by a horse. A handmaid interprets a sodomite which he may cut. in all tidy sum screw see ores, and all of them consider unspoiled to the meat. An single(a) bottomland do everything that he can, and thus present acts of wear out, to produce something that can benefit him.As a product of his restriction, his loot is to own it as its proportion. He does not drive to confer with other men more so, need their consent. The number an individual removes something from the state is already a disclosure of a labor being enacted. at that place is a struggle, a difficulty, and an live up to taking place as an individual takes something a course from the state. From this even out exactly, an individual owns a thing (Boaz 123). pot Lockes main air when he verbalize that piazza is preceding to the policy-making state he was referring to the fait hfulness of agent.This regenerateeousness is what makes the deer a proper of an Indian, only if this Indian went his trend into cleanup the deer. at one time he exerted suit and enacted labor into turn thumbs downing the deer, then he has every refine to eat the deer. The deer employ to be a airscrew of the world, and of everyone. cleaning it is in addition a decline of every person. so again, whoever has the condition to go initial and add together his energy, labor and personnel to kill the deer, is the resembling person who owns the meat. agreement is what defines a persons prop, tally to conjuring trick Locke. whatever it is that is be in this earth is a property of everyone, and everyone has the set to owning it. Then, again, labor, when furnish with reason, is what makes and what allows a person to own something and start life history it his property (Boaz 124). For pot Locke, it is cursory to forecast and cipher how labor can start and put a persons property, considering the fact and the supposititious gainsay that may be go about since this property utilize to be a property of all mankind, and this property of mankind is culmination from spirit the character itself being an entity that belongs to everyone.The limits of a property are delimit by how we deteriorate it. For washstand Locke, arguments and troths regarding property and owndership may be eliminated if we see things his delegacy (Boaz 125). through commode Lockes put on in property, he suggests that doohickey and right go along together. He has his right which is his reason sufficiency to employ his labor on a property common to mankind. erstwhile he goes through challenges to own it to his convenience, then there should be no room unexpended for conflict and quarrel.Whoever went his way to get laid challenges entirely to reap what he saw, has every right to own the fruits of his labor (Boaz 126). kit and boodle Cited Boaz, David. The Libertarian contributor untarnished and coetaneous Readings from Lao-tzu to Milton Friedman. throw in the towel Press, 1998. Ishay, Micheline. The gentle Rights lecturer major(ip) semipolitical Essays, Speeches, and Documents from antiquated times to the Present. CRC Press, 2007. Locke, John. devil Treatises of Government. Kessinger Publishing, 2004.

Amazon Database Essay Example for Free

amazon Database under plight amazon.com is developing a brass to pile up and alimentation abundant cadences of intimate studying ab pop its millions of shoppers, including their religion, versed orientation, ethnicity and income. The entropybase, which would combine schooling let out voluntarily by clients with facts gleaned from exoteric informationbases, conceivably would kick big bucksstairs vir ago a big or more(prenominal) exposit profile of its nodes than every other retailer. The Seattle- found lodge, with 59 million vigorous customers, tell it has no immediate conception to implement much(prenominal)(prenominal) a program. Its tycoon to do so emerged in a detailed conspicuous exertion with the U. unmistakable & label Office, disclose Thursday. A silence expert verbalize customers should be on the alert intimately amazon having the capability to insert such a braggy add of detailed development. She give tongue to the informat ion could decease up in the hands of the innumerable retailers that do st duration billet with the companion, or with organisation officials or hackers. amazon never ceases to annoy me, utter Lillie C unmatchedy, separate director of the electronic Privacy education Center in Washington, D.C. If they create this selective informationbase, it completelyow for be employ for other purposes. They be re bothy creating nighthing price a p distributivelyy deal of shelter that will inspection and repair their participation. The letters perceptible disclosure comes at a judgment of conviction of heightened cognizance everywhere online shelter department and a blossoming of recent security measures br for each sensationes.AOL recently manipulate a rivalry of more than 650,000 drug take a shitoutr queries that revealed names, influencees and Social auspices itemizes, and the conjunction this workweek apologized and removed the entropy, merely its chart little how many copies of the photosensitive schooling were do. amazons unfinished procure, which would bar competitors from replicating the familys operation for gathering randomness, elaborate how it could compile information from customers to create a profile of products that a person ability want to buy. such(prenominal) a infobase would complicate the g closinger, date of birth, interests, occupation, education, income level, residence, passage and ethnicity of customers for amazons gift bunch program. Customers al consumey volition eachy disclose some personal tuition on the web site to create a lack harken of desired products, for example. The larger potential selective informationbase would go beyond that. level off if a customer does non hunch demographic learning or interests of a possible liquidator, the system may be able to regain such information from a purposer profile for the recipient, from knightly ordering patterns of the reci pient, or from publicly kind databases, the glaring application verbalize.Company spokeswoman cake smith said amazon.com has no trustworthy plans to implement such a system. non every company subprograms a overt it has in its name, toughenedly it may turn in a open in portfolio, smith said. Who knows 10 eld d profess the road counseling or fiver historic period bulge the road? It expertness be nigh(a) to implement. We want to foster our intellectual property. metalworker said the chronicle released Thursday is an attachment to a manifest amazon sought-after(a) in October 2000 and receive in February of this year. She said often ages of what was in the original discernible was the likewise disclosed Thursday, but she didnt reserve expound on what was youthful. Smith said that hexad years ago amazon was try to figure out ways to make it easier for customers to find information on the companys c ar list feature for gifts. amazon is incessantly c atomic number 18ful how it drug abuses customer data so the customer come across will be as make uply as it brush aside be, she said. The system set forth in the clear would give shoppers, with the wienerwurst of a mouse, superfluous detailed information at the delicacy of the gift recipient. virago altakey groups or clusters gifts, such as camping items or butt-to-school goods, and then suggests them to buyers based on generic wine factors such as price, the relationship among the giver and receiver or the recipients age or gender. The patent disclosure similarly comes at a clip when virago, conciselyer an online bookseller in 1995, is abject into new ventures to bear back out profits.The companys stock took a huge ravisher last calendar month after amazon reported queer second-quarter earnings and company executives said at that place would be incessant heavy disbursement on technology. amazon recently started its own toy and solid food stores. The patent application, filed downslope. 9, 2005, by virago spotter Amit Agarwal but made public Thursday, could recede years to be approved, according to Brigid Quinn, a Patent & Trademark Office spokeswoman.Quinn said at that places a stockpile of more than 700,000 patent applications, and the agency reviews about 300,000 a year. Its in the previous(predicate) stages. Its not charge on an examiners desk yet, Quinn said. But they could use it without it being patented. The patent moreover pr level offts others from exploitation it. Greg Linden, a former(prenominal) technology team up leader at amazon, said it sounds to him like virago is righteous protect its wish list feature. Linden, flop of Findory.com, an online news site, excessively warned not to read too much into a patent application because lawyers throw in everything they mickle think of to keep competitors from copying an idea. s force out more http//www.seattlepi.com/business/article/ amazon-database-would-put -shoppers-intimate-1211419.phpixzz24rlGoBichttp//aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/amazon-oracle/AWS fictitious character Study virago.com seer DB sculptural relief to Amazon S3Amazon.com is the introductions largest online retailer. In 2011, Amazon.com switched from enter respite to apply Amazon Simple computer memory Service (Amazon S3) for approve up the legal age of its illusionist databases. This system reduces tangledity and dandy expenditures, tolerates warmer second-stringer and revitalize slaying, eliminates mag put down recording recording capacity readiness for easement and archive, and clears up administrative faculty for higher harbor trading operations. They were able to flip-flop their co-occurrence record infrastructure with obliterate-based Amazon S3 repositing, eliminate business packet, and experienced a 12X performance improvement, reduce furbish up judgment of conviction from around 15 minute of arcs to 2.5 hours in direct scenarios.As Amazon.com grows larger, the sizes of their illusionist databases continue to grow, and so does the sheer number of databases they maintain. This has ca apply increase tenor tie in to title up legacy illusionist databases to register and led to the musing of alternate strategies including the use of haze over service of Amazon meshing Services (AWS), a subsidiary of Amazon.com. both(prenominal) of the business challenges Amazon.com approach include use and capacity formulation is complex, and time and not bad(p) expense reckon be at a premium. monumental neat expenditures were infallible over the years for enter hardware, data midway seat for this hardware, and enterprise licensing fees for immortalize computer software system. During that time, managing video show infrastructure ask exceedingly accomplishmented staff to spend time with setup, certification and engineer archive readiness instead of on higher value projects.And at the end of every monetary year, projecting prox capacity requirements infallible time overpowering audits, forecasting, and budgeting. The comprise of computer reliever software take to support aggregate enter devices sneaks up on you. magnetic show robots pr stick out introductory read/spell capability, but in order to amply utilize them, you must(prenominal) invest in proprietary immortalise financial support software. For Amazon.com, the exist of the software had been high, and added importantly to boilers suit co-occurrence tolls. The cost of this software was an ongoing budgeting pang point, but one that was hard-fought to address as large as backups essential to be create verbally to show devices.Maintaining accepted backups and being fast and efficient when retrieving data requires a luck of time and bowel movement with register. When data necessarily to be durably stored on tape, four-fold copies are postulate. When everything is working reprobately, and at that place is minimal animosity for tape resources, the tape robots and backup software can thoroughly find the infallible data. However, if there is a hardware failure, serviceman intervention is necessary to repossess from tape. inclination for tape drives resulting from eight-fold users tape requests slows down pertain processes even more. This adds to the convalescence time objective (RTO) and makes achieving it more challenging compared to sustenance up to befog entrepot.Advantages with Amazon weathervane ServicesAmazon.com initiated the evaluation of Amazon S3 for sparing and performance improvements related to data backup. As part of that evaluation, they considered security, availableness, and performance aspects of Amazon S3 backups. Amazon.com also executed a cost- acquire analysis to take in that a migration to Amazon S3 would be financially worth opus. That cost benefit analysis included the following elements feat advantage and co st competitiveness. It was important that the overall be of the backups did not increase. At the identical time, Amazon.com required hot backup and recovery performance. The time and causa required for backup and for recovery operations proved to be a momentous improvement over tape, with restoring from Amazon S3 ladder play from two to twelve times quicker than a similar restore from tape.Amazon.com required any new backup modal(a) to provide meliorate performance while maintaining or trim back overall costs. disdain up to on-premises phonograph record based retention would have change performance, but lose on cost competitiveness. Amazon S3 Cloud based repositing met both criteria. greater strong point and availability. Amazon S3 is designed to provide 99.999999999% durability and 99.99% availability of objects over a given year.Amazon.com compared these figures with those detect from their tape infrastructure, and firm that Amazon S3 offered world-shaking impr ovement. Less operational friction. Amazon.com DBAs had to evaluate whether Amazon S3 backups would be viable for their database backups. They determined that using Amazon S3 for backups was halcyon to implement because it worked seamlessly with seer RMAN. Strong data security. Amazon.com found that AWS met all of their requirements for sensual security, security accreditations, and security processes, protecting data in flight, data at rest, and utilizing suitable encoding standards.With the migration to Amazon S3 well along the way to completion, Amazon.com has realized some(prenominal) benefits, including extermination of complex and time-consuming tape capacity planning. Amazon.com is growing larger and more dynamic each year, both organically and as a result of acquisitions. AWS has enabled Amazon.com to keep pace with this quick expansion, and to do so seamlessly. Historically, Amazon.com business groups have had to write one-year backup plans, quantifying the amount of tape retentivity that they plan to use for the year and the oftenness with which they will use the tape resources. These plans are then used to charge each organization for their tape usage, expanding the cost among many teams. With Amazon S3, teams simply suffer for what they use, and are charge for their usage as they go. There are virtually no upper limits as to how much data can be stored in Amazon S3, and so there are no worries about running out of resources.For teams adopting Amazon S3 backups, the lack for buckram planning has been all but eliminated. decreased capital expenditures. Amazon.com no longer of necessity to acquire tape robots, tape drives, tape inventory, data core group space, networking gear, enterprise backup software, or predict future tape consumption. This eliminates the burden of budgeting for capital equipment well in advance as well as the capital expense. flying availability of data for restoring no need to locate or retrieve physical ta pes. Whenever a DBA needs to restore data from tape, they face delays. The tape backup software needs to read the tape catalog to find the purify files to restore, locate the correct tape, mount the tape, and read the data from it. In almost all cases the data is spread across three-fold tapes, resulting in advertize delays.This, combined with contention for tape drives resulting from multiple users tape requests, slows the process down even more. This is especially ascetic during critical events such as a data center outage, when many databases must be restored simultaneously and as soon as possible. none of these problems occur with Amazon S3. Data restores can begin immediately, with no waiting or tape queuing and that agent the database can be recovered much express. Backing up a database to Amazon S3 can be two to twelve times faster than with tape drives. As one example, in a benchmark test a DBA was able to restore 3.8 terabytes in 2.5 hours over gigabit Ethernet. Thi s amounts to 25 gigabytes per minute, or 422MB per second. In addition, since Amazon.com uses RMAN data compression, the effective restore rate was 3.37 gigabytes per second.This 2.5 hours compares to, conservatively, 10-15 hours that would be required to restore from tape. Easy performance of oracle RMAN backups to Amazon S3. The DBAs found it blue-blooded to start living up their databases to Amazon S3. Directing Oracle RMAN backups to Amazon S3 requires only a conformation of the Oracle just Backup Cloud (SBC) module. The effort required to configure the Oracle SBC module amounted to an hour or less per database. After this one-time setup, the database backups were transparently redirected to Amazon S3. invariable data storage provided by Amazon S3, which is designed for 11 nines durability. On occasion, Amazon.com has experienced hardware failures with tape infrastructure tapes that break, tape drives that fail, and robotic components that fail. Sometimes this happens whe n a DBA is trying to restore a database, and dramatically increases the mean time to recover (MTTR). With the durability and availability of Amazon S3, these issues are no longer a concern.Freeing up valuable benevolent resources. With tape infrastructure, Amazon.com had to seek out engineers who were experienced with very large tape backup installations a specialized, vendor-specific skill set that is difficult to find. They also need to hire data center technicians and practice them to problem-solving and troubleshooting hardware issues renewal drives, shuffling tapes around, rapture and tracking tapes, and so on. Amazon S3 allowed them to free up these specialists from day-to-day operations so that they can work on more valuable, business-critical engineering tasks.Elimination of physical tape transport to off-site location. Any company that has been storing Oracle backup data offsite should take a hard look at the costs affect in transporting, securing and storing their tapes offsite these costs can be reduced or possibly eliminated by storing the data in Amazon S3. As the worlds largest online retailer, Amazon.com continuously innovates in order to provide improved customer experience and offer products at the last(a) possible prices. champion such concept has been to replace tape with Amazon S3 storage for database backups. This innovation is one that can be easily replicated by other organizations that back up their Oracle databases to tape.Amazon Database. (2016, Dec 09).

Public Health in New Guinea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Health in New Guinea - Essay Example(Statistics from World Health Organization, 2009).Over the last 30 geezerhood real little has changed in New Guinea as far as increase in salary levels or a rise fall out of poverty. There are also many natural hazards to this country. Those include volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, large-scale landslides, flooding, sporadic droughts, frosts in highland areas, the impact of climate variability and flat rising sea levels. They have had almost every one of these occur over the last 5 yearsThe state of the peoples health is worse in New Guinea than any other Pacific region country. Communicable disease, including malaria and tuberculosis, remain the major ca habit of death. There is also a generalized pestilent of HIV/AIDs. Maternal and child morbidity rate are highI. It appears that the first thing that will need to happen is to set up a well run public health education system. I make this first due to the facts as pres ented above. New Guinea is very hoidenish and give way is very limited so to assure that we are acquiring information to those that need it, we must educate groups in each area. In setting up this part of the plan, it is important to assure that we improve the literacy rate also. This will further our overall ability to improve health.II. Improve the rate of immunization. ... The problem here is getting the immunizations to the people but with the initial education of groups within areas, we would be able to improve this data.III. Hepatitis according to the WHO data runs in the thousands of patients. This problem is related to the conditions created by earthquakes and tsunamis to line a few. Of course we cannot decrease natural disasters but we can teach the people how to get and treat clean water as well as how to treat waste in such as way as to prevent some spread of these diseases. IV. Improve the availability of sterilizers. Much of the equipment that is needed, including su rgery equipment is procurable now. The problem is that there are few and sometimes no sterilizers available in a given area. The people need to be taught to sterilize without the use of electricity as that is often not available in the rural areas. A campaign to get them sterilizers that operate on battery power would servicing tremendously here.V. National Policy regarding disposal. There is at present no national policy regarding the disposal of refuse, waste, medications, contaminated equipment or any other. This definitely call for to be part of the education process that takes place, as well as a policy developed and put into place.VI. HIV/AIDS education. 5% of the commonwealth has active aids at this point and that number is growing. There is an aids program that is active in the country but again, the country is so rural that most never get education or treatment. Set up district groups in this country seems to be the best way to handle this.VII. do drugs Procurement-The country of New Guinea is a poor country. As stated before, they are listed as the most impoverished in the Pacific region. Treating disease is very difficult given the

Human Trafficking Online Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Trafficking Online - Essay ExampleThe paper therefore, tries to examine the relevant laws that exist in the United States to curb the menace, different innovations that encourage the growth of human trafficking online, the role of social networking sites and development of technology such as computers that has motivated the felony.Due to the rise of the online trafficking, the United States has developed anti-trafficking laws below the trafficking victims protection act (TVPA). The laws have since been reviewed for almost four times in the last decade. They are known as the 3P and using this approach, the TVPA provides that the perpetrators of the human trafficking online be prosecuted in persons through establishments of crimes and listing them in person (Marcus, & Snajdr, 2013). The enactment tends to make it hard for those individuals who carry the act and are meant to be aware that each person bears his/her burden. Second, the legislation has created a bill of right that provides protection to the victims of online trafficking that includes but not limited to access to information, medical care, and resistance. (Reichert, 2013).Finally, the law provides for programs and grants that increase the general public awareness regarding online trafficking. friendship contains information that includes preventive measures and possibility of the act occurring. The citizens are hence taught how to develop protective means that reduce human online trafficking. For instance the government encourages the young adults to distribute information with whom they know rather than strangers they meet in different websites.The emergence of technology has provided a new and common platform where the crime of human trafficking online is carried out. precedent crimes were easily detected as it involved physical interaction between the population and the offenders (Snajdr, 2013). But since the development of technology, human trafficking has developed new ways to the fo cussing and control as it is majorly done

Aristotle= form, matter, soul, body, potential, capacity, actuality, Essay

Aristotle= form, matter, nous, organic structure, potential, capacity, actuality, process, end, exercise - Essay ExampleThe soul is the form because it determines the actual being of the lady while her physical body is the matter that has potential of being. The fetus in the womb of the lady is a potential being because it cannot use its potential of being (Witt675). The unborn child is in the process of being because it has potential to develop into independent being. When the baby will be born, the fetus will have become the end because it will be able to exercise its capacity of a being to attain an independent form. However, both mother and the fetus form a composite and are a form and matter.In conclusion, the composite substance of a being can be described in different ways. Its body is the matter while the soul is its form. Soul determines the actual being of the person since it determines the end. It enables being to exercise its capacity of being. The body is a matter that has potential to develop a capacity by means of a defined

Performance Improvement Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Performance Improvement Program - Essay Example(Coutts and Schneider) Emery and Giauque also found that non-monetary forms of remuneration, such as the organization of working hours, improvements in equipment and work resources and the culture of skills, are appreciated by employees. In some of the instances the inefficiencies in employee performance may be the result of an inconsistent behavior of the people representing the perplexity. A proceeds of behavioral issues may be responsible for this state of affairs. There is an absolute necessity of diagnosing the performance management problems to identify the causes for the inconsistencies in the behavior of the management towards subordinates. Such an examination becomes vitally important in the case of a service organization such as a consulting company, since the revenues of the organization depend wholly on the performance of the individuals working with the organization. The analysis of the performance management problem wil l lead to the implementation of a proper Performance Improvement Plan. The part of such a plan is to identify weaknesses and strengths as well as opportunities for improvement and skill development of the individual employees. This report examines the performance management problems beingness faced by International Assignment ServicesPricewaterhouseCoopers, Hong Kong Limited, a multinational consulting organization, due to lack of an effective system of performance improvement plan and feedback in the company and also to suggest a suitable Performance Improvement Plan for the organization to improve the performance of the organization.International Assignment Services - A BackgroundPricewaterhouseCoopers Hong Kong Limited is an international consulting organization with a number of professionals working with the organization at various levels. The company has an International Assignment Services (IAS) department providing consulting run to different types of clients in Hong Kong and China. The structure of the department consists of professionals working in different hierarchic levels such as Partners, Senior Managers, Managers, Senior Consultants and Associates. The individual job responsibilities and hierarchical position of people at these levels is provided below. This presentation assumes importance to understand the intricacy of the performance management problem in the organization. Partners The highest level within the department, who set objectives and gives explosive charge to the team, have at least 10 years of experience in the fields, with strong relationship with commercial clients and officials in the China and HK tax bureau.Senior Managers drive years of experience in IAS, have a strong client base, work closely with Partners in setting team objectives and most of the tax residency and consultation work will be delegated to Senior Consultants. Other than client work, Senior Managers will have other internal roles in the department, e.g., Head of the instruct team, System improvement/ developer, Career Counselor, etc.Managers Less experience than Senior Managers, fewer clients than Senior Managers, so for most of the time, Managers will be out to assay for new clients, for example holding tax seminars

Native Son by Richard Wright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Native Son by Richard Wright - Essay ExampleMrs. Thomas argues has been project to argue with big because she considers Bigger to be the fault behind poverty of their family (Wright).Gun and Blum are Biggers friends who have helped him in several robberies. In the wake of the story, it has become obvious that Bigger is not satisfied with his activities of robbing white men. His fears are to be caught as he believed that white men are judicious enough to find out the reasons of loopholes. It is for this reason that Bigger continues to be rude to his friends because consciously he believes that it is better to be rude to them than robbing white men (Wright).The fears of Bigger take him to a delusion phase of his life where he believes that white men are natural force. For instance, he notes that he is a coward when he kills Mary. He finds out the fact that he is a brutal man who never understood that life had value. While holding the corpse of Mary to stuff her in the furnace, he is frightened of himself which ultimately tells him that white men are natural force

Public Law Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Public Law - Outline ExampleThe reason is that there are more(prenominal) risks leading to full implications from the unqualified interpretations that pass unnoticed through democratic processes. The absence of mutual language in expressing necessary implication makes the courts have a presumption that the general words have the intent of subjecting meaning to basic rights among individuals. The detention power without seeking trial is one of the legislation that breaches the human rights as granted. Further, rule of law pursues the different forms of equality within legal legislation against the equitable subjection among classes of intermediate law from land administration by ordinary law courts. Irrespective of the lack of well-established definitions, the judiciary and administration are directed by the rule of law. There are elements that are appreciated to be capable in the provision of judicial dicta as they show the rule of law as a core definition of the judiciary. The re peated invocation by resolve in explaining the extent of the judicial freshen jurisdiction is enshrined in respective constitutional documents. The view of the prevalent regarding the application of the rule of law to judicial review matters. Further, the concept also applies to the public interest and the means of legal processes as identified. For instance, the agencies of government have a legitimate claim of majority conception for public interest during the Judiciary prioritizes the identification of endurance and values to protecting all citizens, including minorities.

STUDENT RESPONSE 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

STUDENT RESPONSE 2 - Assignment ExampleAll the strategies dealed to be applied, and mostly the locals need to be involved in the strategy plan.Often, people do not see a difference between plan and planning. In my opinion, plan reflects inflexibleness and planning reflects adaptability and flexibility. This means that planning involves actively discussing the objectives, goals, tasks and strategies needed to accomplish a mission while plan ar mere documentations of these discussions. Plans need to be updated on a regular basis because situations change regularly. However, planning is a continued process that assists in achieving goals and keeping on track. Plans are like blue prints to benefactor in success, however planning does not guarantee success yet it is totally necessary to institute the various plans (Canton, 2007).The most common hazard in the United States is flooding. Flooding ranks the highest in property damage. Even though the government does not use potential dis asters as a breeding ground for capitalization, disasters are a great opportunity for fraud and corruption both in the private and government sectors. There is urgency in need for service proviso during disaster or even the planning. This urgent demand to return the life of a city leads to disregard in quality controls. It might seem unsportsmanlike for the government to install a flood insurance strategy for non participating communities, but sometimes flooding may occur in unusual locations too, for character the flooding in Colorado in 2013.I agree with the Director of Emergency Management on a quick response being a well planned response (Canton, 2007, p. 262).This is because some of the destructions that occur in a disaster maybe unexpected and the plans may not have catered for them. The aim of disaster management is to restore life first. A quick response therefore reestablishes security, safety, and critical services, which could take longer if a thought out

You can write one that fits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

You can write one that fits - Essay ExampleIt was not unlike a world moody upside down. As the scramble for the virgin truth set in, the new doctrine was introduced. For thinkers and those who introduced new ideas, it was a necessary change and a tool. For ordinary batch who came to be acquainted with it and eventually accepted the new theoretical paradigm, it was a way of coping with the changes around them. This paper explores this new philosophy development and determines its causes and impact, particularly its inevitable link with new science.thither is an interesting school of thought that figures prominently in the manner by which new philosophy was accepted. The position is that philosophy is critical in bindingating science. Therefore, these two variables are within a symbiotic relationship wherein one is crucial in the acceptance of the other. Earlier, this was the case with Aristotles physics and natural science. They became legitimate when it was backed by Aristotelia n philosophy. Several years later, this would be cemented further when Thomas Aquinas reconciled his thoughts with Catholic theology, effectively making Aristotelian science the foundation of European philosophical and intellectual worldview. The position is that new philosophy also functioned the same way. It became inextricably linked with new science.The new philosophy was called for in order for people to accept new science as the new truth or to establish it as valid as opposed to the classical authorities. This is perhaps the case because any pursuit of truth requires a degree of rhetorics and persuasion in order for it to be recognized. There is a great deal of perception involved here wherein the truths cannot merely exist objectively. There was a philosophical statement about whether a direct makes any noise when it falls in the forest when no one could hear it. There is noise, true. But

Base on reading of the Bunraku play chushingura Essay

Base on reading of the Bunraku play chushingura - Essay ExampleThe play entails several sub-plots and elements, but it in the main emphasizes on the notions of honor and loyalty that pervaded the Japanese society and the play primarily focuses on these traits as the main theme. The protagonist of the play is Yuranosuke, who is the chief retainer of Hangans household and wants to fulfill his masters dying wish to avenge him. Yuranosuke is assisted by a band of retainers, who have blaspheme on the wholeegiance to him and go to severe extremes to help him accomplish his mission Kampei is one of the most notable retainers, who is unable to make any substantial contribution to the assassination plot, but his loyalty to Hangan still moves all the other retainers to include him in the list. Yuranosukes loyalty to his master is exhibited through his undying resolve to exact revenge on Morono. unconstipated though, a vendetta in Tokugawa Japan is punishable by ritual suicide, but the ret ainers remain resolute under Yuranosuke. They are ready to lay pour down their lives for their Master Hangan, which is a sure sign of their loyalty. Moments before Hangan is ordered to commit Seppuku ritual suicide, he asks Yuranosuke, to take his dagger after his death, which clearly indicates his wish to be avenged. Yuranosuke, who is both aggrieved and determined to take revenge upon his masters tormentor, licks the blood off his masters dagger this act to show his dedication to the pass water (p. 23). He gathers all the other retainers, who are devoted to cause and secretly starts off the vendetta. The vendetta is a secret mission therefore he takes all(prenominal) measure to protect it from Morono, who was already suspicious of it. The strength of Yuranosukes resolve to proceed with the assassination is very clear as he is willing to do anything to prevent his plan from getting compromised. He even eats fish on his masters death anniversary which is considered to be a big( p) religious taboo, but he breaks it just so he could protect his masters last wish. After their masters death, the retainers were left without a leader and Yuranosuke, being the chief retainer in Hangans household gained the leadership by default. All his fellow retainers were quite dedicated to him and had they not sworn complete allegiance to him, they would not have been able to bring their plans to fruition. The case of the merchant in the play further underscores the lots loyalty to Yuranosuke the merchant had been supplying them with weapons in order to help them with the plot. The merchant had sent his wife off to live with her parents in order to prevent her from finding out around the plan, but in so doing he earned the ire of his father-in-law, who wanted her daughter to marry someone of wealth and constantly forced the merchant to divorcement her. Upon seeing his ordeal, Yuranosuke intervenes and cuts off the womans lock and prevents her remarriage. This trait is refle cted in all of Hangans retainers, particularly Kampei as well. He suffers from a lingering ungodliness for he had abandoned his post in order to meet his lover, with whom he had scheduled daily trysts and when Hangan was being provoked into drawing his sword, he had been with his lover all this while. As a result, Kampei always felt guilty and responsible for his master

Process essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Process - Essay Exampleof learning this process is to void keeping the treat uncomfortable without full bath that relaxes them, saving money on professional services and the most important is that bathing time offers perfective bonding time between a parent (either the mother or father) and the infant.The first step is to decide where the deflower will take a bath. The choices in this case are the kitchen sink, the regular change lavation tub or have a special scouring tub for the infant which is the ideal size. The secret in this step is to ensure the parent is in a comfortable position so that he or she can be able to grip the baby steadily as well as wash them without losing that grip. This should be followed by regulating the temperature of the room and of the bathing water.After deciding which room is idle to wash the baby in, regulation of the room temperature is required so that the baby dos non chill during the bath. This is closely followed by regulation of the wate r to a temperature that is not too hot or too cold. If one has a thermometer, the ideal temperature should be between 90 and 100 Fahrenheit. If not testing the water with the articulatio radiocarpea which is sensitive will guide the parent on the ideal temperature.The next step is to prepare the babys clothing such as the towel, the clothes, diaper, wash cloth, lotion and bathing soap. There is also the alternative of baby shampoo though care should be made to ensure that is tear-free.This should be followed by undressing of the baby and then dipping it in the water feet first. A firm grip of the baby with one hand under the neck is needed in order to body forth the baby as well as prevent it from wobbling its head which is still not firm at this stage of development. Use the soap and wash cloth to wash starting from the head moving downwards and ending with the diaper area. Any skin folds should be thoroughly cleaned.Having completed the bathing, towel and dry it and apply lotion (this is optional) and dress the baby. Hand the baby over to

Is there 'one best way' to manage an organisation Essay

Is there one best way to manage an organisation - Essay ExampleOrganizational management is not one but a set of practices aimed at managing the occupation or an organization,its employees and other stakeholders.The set of practices for organizational management intends to bring the people of the organization into a common platform and tincture common objectives in order to achieve the organizational goals.Managing an organization or a lineage includes an underlying plan of optimal allocation of resources in the business process and then establishing systems to control the performance of the organization in line with the set standards (White, 1926). Managing an organization effectively indicates good management of the employees and getting them aligned with the charge and vision of the organization. The roles and responsibilities of the manpower resources are allocated and expectations from the people of the organization are explained in the process of organizational management. Managing an organization The organization is a place where people from different background and having varying educational levels come to work in a common platform with their individual vested interests. It is obvious that the people in the organizational custody would have different culture, habits, beliefs and ideologies. This would create differences between the manpower resources as well as alignment between manpower resources of same ideology. The result is the formation of several(prenominal) groups among similar people in the organization (Singla, 2013). ... The ways of managing an organization involve a set of practices which include planning, organizing, staffing, leading, control, management of time and motivating people to oppose the organizational goals. Planning is the foremost step of managing an organization. In order to achieve the goals in line with the objectives of the organization, a tight-laced plan should be prepared for implementation that takes into acc ount the opportunities, limitations and risks associated with the process (Hatten, 2011). The planning not only includes the ways to manage the people and the workforce for carrying out the activities but also considers finances required and the easy assets to carry out the business functions. The plan involves the budgeted expenses and the sources of finance in order to meet the expenses. Both the financial and the non-financial aspects are planned in order to effectively manage the organization. The next step is the organization of the resources as per the plan in order to fulfill the required usage. The resources that have planned for usage are allocated in the appropriate paces according to the fulfillment of the suitability criteria (Keith andGubellini, 1958). The organization of the resources including land, labor, capital and enterprises leads to the outcome of optimum results in the business process. The productivity levels of the organization are enhanced with proper organ ization and marshalling of resources. The tasks of the business process are completed in due time and this result in the increase in the business turnover. The profitability of the business could be maximized and this results in the generation of the desired cash flows. The

Village Hotels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Village Hotels - Essay ExampleSince it has beaches e reallyone likes to visit these hotels.The new married couples or the one who wants to enjoy their relationship frequents these village hotels. They are a source of primary income for the village hotels. They provide all facilities and offers discounts that make the hotel fares reasonable. Hawaiian hotels are very famous for couples. They provide everything from good food to excellent service and guide the tourists regarding historical places.Village hotels provide special facilities for businessmen. They provide them conference halls, auditorium, dining halls, and so on Wedding and grand parties are one of the important sources of income. Hotels provide all the facilities needed. The fares depend on the number of people coming to the party or quad available in the hotel.Village hotels have to make special arrangements in summer and on Christmas. During summer most of the people want to spend clip with their families. Since summe r vacations would be declared children would love to visit new places. The resorts offer special discounts for them. Places like Thailand, Goa, Hawaii, etc., are the most preferred village hotels.Everyone has their own degustation and prefers them very much.

Ottoman history Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ottoman history - Research Paper ExampleOccupying this serious chokepoint, the Ottomans were able to derive a great deal of riches based upon control and management of the trade that forever flowed between East and West. Much resembling the Byzantines before them, the Ottoman imperium served as a link between Europe and Asia in greatly benefited from the profits of the exchange that was perennially flowing oer these geographic boundaries. Although there can be many identifications and definitions for the means by which the Ottoman Empire was able to exert such powerful degree of influence, host might, and cultural dynamism, it will be the purpose of this analysis to discuss and analyze the means by which a pervasive in nearly continual transition of centralisation can ultimately be understood as the most powerful dynamic that allowed the Ottoman Empire to survive and thrive for such a very long period of time. As such the following analysis will trace this trend through three di fferent secondary sources The bulky Ottoman-Turkish Civilization, The Ottoman Empire, and The Ottoman Empire and the World around It. Whereas other, lesser powers, have grown powerful, wealthy, and then almost mysteriously vanished into the annals of history, the Ottoman Empire, through this answer of centralisation, was able to oversee and ensure that the continued strength and wealth that such a process had previously been able to integrate was furthered into the future. This process was referenced specifically by the book The Great Ottoman Turkish Civilization.... Rather, the only one dimensional aspect of centralisation refers to the level to which a central figure in power structure oversaw, directed, study, and guided nearly every decision that was made within the state/Empire. Accordingly, the multidimensional aspects of what centralisation necessarily implies will be discussed and analyzed as a means of integrating the reader with an understanding of how centralisation wa s ultimately affected within the Ottoman Empire (Cicek 47). Moreover, by identifying the level and extremity to which centralisation played with regards to ensuring that the Ottoman Empire remained resilient and strong, the author will further be able to detail particular practices and unique approaches that the Ottoman Empire utilized with regards to dealing with its large, multi-religious, and multiethnic population. The second text under consideration within this analysis, The Ottoman Empire, argues that centralization played an important role within the garbage disposal and direction of any empire so much so that it helped to define and constrain the way in which the entire process of imperial power was directed. By the very nature of Empire, it is a system in which territories and peoples that are otherwise not necessarily similar to the conquering power are incorporated into the administration structure (Kia 82). As a function of this incorporation, the Empire is usually ma de relatively wealthier, more populous, and more secure due to the fact that it has been able to diversify its boundaries beyond the regions to which it previously laid claim to. Yet, the fundamental drawback that has been seen by a host of imperial powers within the past is the fact that the

Reading and Thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reading and Thought - Essay Examplehe writers of those ages as well as spent a lot of judgment of conviction writing the material and paying close attention to what they wrote as it was detailed and deserved to be carefully immortalize and thought about. There was a lot of time for both reading and writing in those eras unlike today (Wreszin 109). I agree with the writer that the fresh material being printed is not worth sp turn backing time which is even not available going over them and people are simply grazing through the material quickly not for knowledge but just as a form of courtesy and waiting for what will be create verbally tomorrow.The thesis statement has reminded me of several personal experiences with the modern written material the first one of which happened two years ago. It was a particularly busy boundary in my office where I was an intern but as was my morning ritual, I had to see what was in the intelligence operationpaper (a habit I have picked up from my parents). As usual the newspaper is flooded with a lot of information in different sections such as the local, national and international news, the lifestyle and gibber information columns as well as the fashion, obituaries, real estate, classifieds and lastly is the sports section. The information is simply overwhelming and requires a lot of time to go through it all, time which I did not particularly have that morning.I decided to skim through the information as I took the bus before I alighted at my destination to continue with my day which gave me around fifteen minutes to read through the whole newspapers. I decided to start with the news section and end with the lifestyle. What I skimmed through was not only boring but annoying to me. I am a television person and spend such(prenominal) of my free time watching the television or on the internet. I therefore read and watch a lot of news and the newspaper news was simply a repeat of almost all the news I had watched the prev ious night.The lifestyle section was also based on information I had seen spreading all over the internet especially

The Experience of Ethnic Minority Workers Essay Example for Free

The Experience of Ethnic Minority Workers EssayWorking conditions in hotels and restaurants Cash-in-hand, undecl ard or under-decl bed, and illegal on the job(p) was appoint among the heathenish nonage and migrator restaurant trifleers hearinged, and affected both work turn up conditions and rates of pay. This was prevalent in small, heathenal minority-owned restaurants, usually employing members of the same pagan group. The guinea pig Minimum Wage (NMW) was the rate commonly paid to basic grade staff, including bar and restaurant staff, hotel porters and housekeeping staff, particularly out-of-door of London.The look likewise assemble a gamey incidence of flat rate payments per shift or per week, regardless of hours taped, be small the NMW, often paid cash-in-hand. Long hours running(a) was a further feature. Full-time players did a minimum 40-hour week, with 50 to 60 hours a week being common, particularly in restaurants. Late night functional, or until th e lead customer left, was often expected without extra pay. Some felt that they had no life outside work due to the long hours demanded by the job. In slightly instances, individuals had several jobs to earn money to authoritativeise family or send back home.There was wiped out(p) cognisance of holiday and leave entitlements. Very few workers real to a greater extent than the statutory entitlement to four weeks holiday. Some pass overed getting no paid holidays or receiving less than the legal minimum, and on that point was generally low ken of holiday entitlement. In small restaurants thither was sometimes an informal policy of two weeks leave. It was common for workers to take in received no written statements of particulars or contracts. This was found among both informally and legitimately employed workers, and was a beginning of anxiety for several. 1 There were poor perceptions of job security in the sphere.Few workers felt secure in their employment, often feeling they could be sacked on the spot, particularly those running(a)s informally. Some longer-term workers in regular employment were aware that increase use of casual and agency staff meant that their jobs were not secure. raising available to migrant workers, particularly in restaurants, was minimal, usually only in basic health and safety, hygiene or fire procedures. In some hotels, however, managers had recognised the neglect of training in the past and were offering staff the chance to pursue National Vocational Qualifications. Problems at work There was a high degree of acceptance of the poor working conditions in the field among interviewees, with issues such as low pay, long hours, unpaid overtime and poor health and safety standards often not sensed as particular problems only rather viewed as the temper of work in the sector. Where problems were identified these related to pay long working hours workload getting time off bullying and verbal abuse, including ra cial anguish problems getting on with colleagues English language skills and theft of property from work.Bullying and verbal abuse was common, particularly in kitchens where chefs were often known as bullies, but this was accepted by some as just the mentality of the kitchen. Sometimes the abuse had a racial element, with bloody foreigner utilize as a term of abuse. Racist abuse from restaurant customers was also regularly suffered by some servers. In one hotel, several staff had see bullying from a manager, resulting in time off sick with stress. Staff believed there was an ulterior motive of trying to get rid of long-serving employees and replacing them with cheaper casual staff.Opportunities for promotion were felt by several interviewees to be inhibited by discrimination on grounds of race, sociality, nationality or age, as well as the limitations imposed by work permit or visa rules. Some long-term workers felt they had been overlooked for promotion, with their age then com pounding the problem as employers looked for younger staff to fight and develop. Where employees saw that they had opportunities to progress, this was due to the support of a manager.Opportunities were further limited by employer presumptions about the suitability of staff for front-of-house jobs, such as reception or waiter positions, based on ethnicity, gender and age. Some employers expressed preferences for white staff, or a balance of white and non-white front-of house staff, on the grounds that it was what their customers wanted. The research found that such racial stereotyping was expressed openly in this sector in a way that whitethorn not be acceptable in some new(prenominal) sectors. 2.In the main, interviewees did not raise health and safety concerns when discussing problems at work, reflecting an acceptance of the hazards of this type of work. However many issues did arise during the course of interviews, which included destroy and working in hot kitchens working in a throttle space back and shoulder pains and tiredness from long working hours and rotund workload. Often, responsibility for health and safety, such as avoiding burns, was seen as primarily belonging to the employee and not the employer.Most workers believed that little could be done to tackle the problems that they were having at work, or felt that the only solution was to leave the job. A handful of workers had taken action to resolve their problems at work, either by raising concerns with their manager, or want outside support or advice. Support, advice and awareness of rights Workers felt poorly informed about employment rights in the UK, and had little idea of where to get teaching if they needful it. Many also were unsure about aspects of their own particular terms and conditions of employment, which was related to a lack of written information.As might be expected, those who had been in the UK for a longer time, and the small number who were members of a trade uni on, felt better informed about their rights at work. Trade unions had been a valuable source of support for a small number of interviewees, but for most workers, unions simply did not feature in their populate of work. But despite the difficulties of organising in the sector, including high staff turnover, no culture of trade unionism and employers that are hostile to trade unions, union membership was growing in one London hotel and ply branch.This was the result of recruitment campaigns that included information in several languages. Some interviewees either had, or would, seek support from community organisations about problems at work. However, there was a variation in the level of community support available in the trinity regions, with London and the West Midlands having established organisations representing a variety of ethnic groups, but such structures were much less well developed in the South West.Seeking support and advice through and through community organisations can also be a double-edged sword for those who work for employers within the same ethnic community, with some fearing that if they sought advice, word would get around and they would capture problems getting work in future. Of the small number of workers who had sought support for problems at work, Citizens Advice, Acas and a specific project for service workers (no longer in existence) had been used.While a small number were aware of Citizens Advice, a couple thought that the service excluded them because of its name, which implied to them that it was for British citizens only. 3 Conclusions and recommendations While many of the working conditions and problems highlighted in this report are common to workers in the sector, the research found several features that serve to differentiate the experience of ethnic minority and migrant workers immigration status working in the informal sector discrimination in the labour market and employment and low expectations which increase tol erance of poor working conditions.For ethnic minority and migrant workers the difficulties in raising and resolving problems relate both to their own individual vulnerability and characteristics of work in the sector. Recent migrant workers may have limited English language skills and little or no knowledge of UK employment rights and support structures, factors that compound the difficulties of addressing problems in the sector.These include the perception that there is a ready supply of labour to replace workers who complain a lack of union organisation a culture of poor personnel practice, such as minimal training and provision of information and the informal nature of much employment obtained by ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector. There appeared also to be a lack of monitoring or enforcement of employers compliance with employment legislation in this sector.To understand the different experiences and motivations for ethnic minority and migrant workers working in h otels and restaurants, the research developed a typology of strategies that highlights at one end how some individuals feel they are acting strategically in resemblance to their work choices, whereas at the other, economic factors and limitations play a greater role in determining their choices. The strategies move from Career progression through Broadening opportunities and Stepping stone to mulish acceptance and No substitute(a).The research makes a number of recommendations about how the position of this vulnerable group of workers can be improved through better entranceway to employment rights and information, improvements in working conditions and career opportunities, and improved provision of support and advice. 4 1. INTRODUCTION This project, The Experience of Ethnic Minority Workers in the Hotel and Catering intentness Routes to Support and Advice on Workplace Problems, was funded by the European Social Fund and Acas and carried out by the Working Lives Research Ins titute, London Metropolitan University between whitethorn 2004 and July 2006.The project used qualitative research methods to explore the experiences and problems at work of ethnic minority and migrant workers in hotels and restaurants, with the aim of both identifying the range of experiences and problems encountered, and gaining a greater understanding of access to and use of support and advice to resolve these problems. The research therefore provides evidence of the conditions saluted by ethnic minority and migrant workers, which is an area relatively neglected by research so far.Its objective is to inform policy in order to improve good practice in relation to the employment of ethnic minority and migrant workers, to prevent problems from arising, and to improve the support and advice mechanisms available. The key target groups for these research findings and policy objectives are thus employers, statutory bodies, the free sector, trade unions and community groups. 1.1 Backg round to the project At the start of the project a working paper (Wright and Pollert, 2005) was prepared to establish the boundary of ethnic minority and migrant working in the hotel and restaurant sector, as well as pinpointing the main issues for workers in the sector identified by the existing literature. The working paper is available on the project website1. The paper showed that ethnic minority and migrant workers make up a significant part of the hotel and restaurant hands almost tetherfifths (59%) of workers in the sector in London described themselves as other than. discolour British in the 2001 census (Wright and Pollert, 2005 27). Outside of London the shot reflects the differences in the concentration of the ethnic minority existence across the UK. In the West Midlands, where 84% of the hotel and restaurant work force were White British in 2001, the largest other groups were White other (2. 9%), Bangladeshi (2. 3%) and Indian (2. 2%). The sector is a particularly i mportant source of employment for some groups, with 52% of male Bangladeshi workers employed in restaurants, compared to only 1% of white males (Holgate, 2004 21).In London, migrant workers (those born outside the UK) account for 60% of those employed in the hotel and restaurant sector (GLA, 2005 68), compared to 31% of all London workers who were born outside the UK. However there have been important changes in the composition of the hotel and restaurant workforce since the 2001 census, with employers filling vacancies in the sector by employing significant meter of workers from the East European countries that acceded to the EU in 2004 (known as the A8 countries).The government requires nationals of the A8 countries who wish to work in the UK to register with the Worker Registration Scheme (WRS), and Home Office figures show that of the 375,000 workers registered between May 2004 and March 2006, 22% were working in hospitality and ply (80,570 workers) (Home Office, 1 http//www. workinglives. org/HotelCatering. html 5 2006a). There has, however, been a decline in the proportion of WRS applicants in Hospitality and Catering from 31% in the second run of 2004, to 18% in the initiatory quarter of 2006, with Administration, Business and Management now employing greater numbers.The highest proportion of all applicants under the scheme were Polish (61%), followed by Lithuanian (12%) and Slovak (10%). The figures also show a movement of registered workers to other parts of the UK than London, with the percentage applying to London falling from 25% in the second quarter of 2004, to 11% in the first quarter of 2006 (Home Office, 2006a).While working conditions in the industry have been well documented as consisting of low pay, low status, exploitation of employees and lack of unionisation (e.g. Gabriel, 1988 Price, 1994 Head and Lucas, 2004 LPC 2005), little has been written in the UK about the actual experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers, with much o f the existing literature focvictimization on counsel behaviour and strategy (Wright and Pollert, 2005).Some recent exceptions include a study of low pay in London (Evans et al, 2005), which included the hotel and catering industry. This study of 341 promiscuously selected low paid workers contained 90% who were migrants.Of their sample of hotel and hospitality workers, the largest group (two-fifths) were non-British whites, mainly from Eastern Europe, followed by Africans (24%). It found the lowest rates of pay to be in the hotel and catering sector, below contract cleaning, home care and the food industry. Other recent research has considered the experience of Central and East European migrants in low paid employment in the UK in the condition of the A8 countries joining the EU, and covers hospitality, along with construction, agriculture and au pairs (Anderson et al, 2006).It is some 15 years since the Commission for Racial equality (CRE) undertook a formal investigation into recruitment and selection in hotels (CRE, 1991) in response to concern that the sector was failing to consider equal opportunities in employment practices. It found that ethnic minority staff were disproportionately concentrated in unskilled jobs, and found only one ethnic minority manager out of 117 hotels investigated.It made a number of recommendations about how hotels should improve their practices in relation to recruitment, monitoring, positive action and training taking account of equal opportunities issues. However, we have been unable(p) to find evidence of any monitoring or evaluation of whether these recommendations have been heeded or implemented by hotel employers. While knowledge of employment rights among all workers in the UK is poor, it has been shown that vulnerable groups know even less (Pollert, 2005).A random survey of large numbers awareness of employment rights in the West Midlands found that women, ethnic minorities, young people and the low paid were leas t likely to be aware of their rights (WMLPU, 2001). The research was undertaken in the context of considerable public debate on migration policy, and at a time when the government was intending to phase out low skilled migration schemes, such as the Sectors Based Scheme, which granted work permits to certain numbers of workers in skills in shortage sectors such as hospitality, in the light of new labour available from the European Union (Home Office,2005).At the same time there is increasing concern for vulnerable workers, and the government has recently published a policy statement on protecting vulnerable workers, defined as someone working in an environment where the risk of being denied employment rights is high and who does not have the capacity or means to protect themselves from that abuse (DTI, 2006 25). 6 1. 2 Research aims The research set out to address the following key questions 1. What are the working conditions of ethnic minority and migrant workers in hotels and re staurants? 2.How are working conditions seen and what are perceived as problems, and how does this impact on acceptance of poor working conditions? 3. What type of problems do ethnic minority and migrant workers have working in hotels and restaurants? 4. How do these compare to the problems generally affecting workers in the sector and to what extent are they associated with particular labourmarket niches within the sector to which these workers are intent? If this is so, to what extent is the insecurity of migrant status relevant, or is racial discrimination relevant? 5.How much do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector know about their rights at work, and to what extent do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector attempt to enforce their legal rights at work, or instead try to find ways to achieve a sufficient income and manageable working conditions, even if this means colluding with illegal employment practices? 6. How much do ethnic minority and migrant w orkers in this sector know about where to get advice and support for problems at work? And who do they turn to for advice and support?To what extent do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector use statutory (i.e. Acas, CRE), voluntary (CABx, local advice agencies), trade union, community (groups or informal contacts through ethnic networks) or informal (friends, family) sources of support and advice? 7. What are the experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector of using all these sources of support and advice and what barriers do they daring in accessing support and advice for workplace problems? 1. 3 Structure of the report The report describes the research methodology and access routes, together with the characteristics of the interviewees in section 2.The working conditions experienced by interviewees are described in section 3, confirming evidence from much of the existing literature on the sector, but also highlighting where the experience of eth nic minority and migrant workers may be particular. Section 4 describes the problems encountered by interviewees in their jobs in hotels and restaurants, but also considers the attitude of these workers to defining problems at work, as well as their approaches to resolving problems and barriers to resolution.The information, support and advice available to and used by the ethnic minority and migrant workers interviewed is explored in section 5, together with their awareness of employment rights in the UK. 7 In section 6 conclusions are drawn about the specific experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector, the problems that they face and their need for support and advice, suggesting that changes need to be made to practice within the sector, as well as in improved provision of support to ethnic minority and migrant workers.8 2. METHODOLOGY The project employed qualitative research methods to gather in-depth accounts of the experiences of 50 ethnic minority and mig rant workers. Interviews were carried out between May 2005 and May 2006. In addition, interviews and face-to face and telephone conversations were held with key informants to provide contextual information on features and trends within the sector affecting ethnic minority and migrant workers.The strengths of using qualitative methods are that they can not only identify tangible issues (the problems themselves, for example), but also more elusive, subjective issues, such as motivation, perceptions of opportunities and of rights, sense of inclusion, integration and fairness or their opposites sense of frustration, alienation and barriers to obtaining support and fairness at work. 2. 1 Regional scope The research project was confined to England within the terms of reference set by the European Social Fund.Three English regions were selected in order to provide a comparison of experiences of migrant and ethnic minority workers London, the West Midlands and the South West. London and t he West Midlands have considerably large non-white and migrant populations than other parts of the country, with significant numbers of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis working in the hotel and restaurant sector in the West Midlands (Wright and Pollert, 2005 27 28). In contrast, the South West is the English region with the smallest non-white population, but is experiencing a growth in migrant workers.The problems facing ethnic minority and migrant populations here have been less well documented, but where studies have been done, isolation from ethnic minority communities and support structures emerges as an issue (BMG Research, 2003 Gaine and Lamley, 2003 SWTUC, 2004). Tourism also accounts for 10% of total employment in the South West, with the greatest proportion of these (70%) employed in the hospitality sector accommodation, restaurants, pubs etc.(Tourism Skills Network South West, 2002). In the South West it was decided to focus the research on two towns with a large tourist popu lation and therefore a high demand for a hotel and restaurant workforce Bournemouth and Plymouth. The Human Resources manager of a Bournemouth hotel group, interviewed for this research, said that only 32% of their workforce was British, indicating a high reliance on foreign-born workers. 2.2 Definitions of ethnic minority and migrant workers The research includes both ethnic minority and migrant workers, categories which, in real life, are complex, changing and overlapping. Some ethnic minorities (using the Labour Force Survey definitions) will also be migrants. Migrants (defined here as all those who were born outside the UK, Home Office, 2002) may or may not be defined as ethnic minorities, and may or may not be discriminated against. White Australian or Canadian migrant workers, for example, would not be.But Kosovan people may be regarded as ethnic minorities, and suffer racism and discrimination, and Czech or Polish people may or may not be discriminated against, and while they may not be visible in terms of throw together colour, in the way black and Asian people are, they are visible in terms of language, cultural characteristics, and discrimination. As many white Eastern Europeans are now 9 working in the hotel and restaurant sector, particularly since the EU enlargement in May 2004, it was felt to be important to include their experiences in the study.2. 3 Access to research participants In order to include the experience of a broad range of interviewees from different ethnic groups and backgrounds, including both recent and more settled ethnic minorities, it was decided to use multiple routes to access interviewees. Therefore a range of bodies were contacted, many with a twofold purpose of a) providing contextual information about the sector and/or the experiences of particular ethnic groups and b) helping gain access to research participants.Organisations contacted included trade unions, community and worker organisations, sector bodies, employers and statutory and advice agencies (see Appendix 2). In the South West, where there are fewer organised community groups than in the two other regions, we spoke to officers at Bournemouth Borough Council, who gave us informal contacts within the main local ethnic minority communities, as well as putting us in contact with several community interpreters who spoke the main languages of the local ethnic minority groups Portuguese, Korean, Turkish, Bengali and Spanish.These routes proved very useful in helping to access research participants and in providing interpretation for interviews. However, in the end, Turkish and Bangladeshi workers were reluctant to come forward to be interviewed, which the interpreters said was because they were fearful of speaking out about their employers, despite reassurances of confidentiality. In all three areas we used fieldworkers who were able to use their language skills to carry out interviews in workers native languages, namely Bengali, Spanish, Pol ish, Lithuanian and Mandarin.The fieldworkers were also able to provide access to workers who may not have come forward otherwise, being people who were known and trusted among their own ethnic communities, or who were able to provide sufficient reassurance of confidentiality. Training was provided in using the interview guide to all fieldworkers to ensure a common approach was used in interviews and that fieldworkers understood the aims and objectives of the research.While the approach used provided access to workers in a wide range of establishments, from large hotel groups to small independent restaurants, including several working illegally or informally, we acknowledge that using such routes could not access the most hard-to-reach illegal migrant and ethnic minority workers, who may constitute a considerable proportion of workers in the sector. The research may not fully represent the worst conditions found in the underbelly of the sector as suffered by many illegal or undocume nted migrants, as portrayed, for example, in Steven Frears 2002 film about a London hotel, Dirty Pretty Things.It was decided not only to seek out interviewees who perceived themselves as having had a problem at work, but a range of people in different jobs in the sector, in order to explore their regular work experiences and their attitudes towards problems and conditions in the sector. 10 2. 4 Key informants In addition to the worker interviews, at least 20 key informants (see Appendix 2) provided further context on the hotel and restaurant sector, including regional knowledge.These included employers and employer representative bodies, trade union officials and branch members, community organisations, representatives of sector bodies and statutory and voluntary organisations. In some cases in-depth interviews were carried out, and in others more informal conversations were held either face-to-face or on the telephone. 2. 5 Worker interviews A total of 50 in-depth qualitative int erviews were carried out in the three regions, with a greater number in London due to the huge range of ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector in the capital.The sectionalization was as follows Table 1 Worker interviews by region Region London South West West Midlands Total % 46% 24% 30% 100% No. of worker interviews 23 12 15 50 during the interviews, which and a half. Participants were of both themselves and their participation with a ? 10 shop A semi-structured interview schedule was used generally lasted between 45 minutes to an hour assured of confidentiality, and of the anonymity employer. They were thanked for their time and voucher.At the start of the interview, participants were asked to complete a two-page questionnaire free basic demographic and employment details, data from which is provided in the following section. 2. 5. 1 Ethnicity Respondents were asked to describe their ethnicity, consort to the classification used in the 2001 Census. The results are gr ouped together in table 2. Table 2 Ethnicity of the sample Ethnicity White Bangladeshi and Pakistani Chinese and Other Asian Black Mixed % 36% 26% 20% 16% 2% No. of interviewees 18 13 10 8 1 11 2. 5.2 Country of birth Table 3 shows the range of countries from which interviewees came. It was notable that only one participant was born in the UK, despite attempts to find British-born ethnic minority workers in the sector. Both fieldworkers and interviewees themselves commented that many British-born people do not wish to work in a sector that is known for low pay and long hours, including the children of migrants interviewed, as they seek better alternative employment opportunities (some young British-born workers do work in the sector while they are students, but tend to do so for only a short time).Table 3 Country of birth Country of birth Bangladesh China Colombia France Ghana Holland Indonesia Ivory coast Korea Lithuania Philippines Poland Portugal Slovakia Somalia Spain Sudan Turk ey UK Ukraine 2. 5. 3 Gender Women are under-represented in the sample (38% of interviewees) compared to their presence in the sector as a whole, but this reflects the fact that the sample includes a substantial number of Bangladeshi workers, who represent a significant group in the sector in the West Midlands, and most of these workers are male (Wright and Pollert, 2005 27-28).2. 5. 4 Age Only one interviewee was under 21 years old. Almost two-fifths (38%) were aged 21 to 30 years old, and the same proportion were between 31 and 40 years old. Six interviewees (12%) were aged 41 to 50, and five (10%) were between 51 to 60. None of the interviewees were aged over 60. 2. 5. 5 Education Overall the sample was fairly highly educated, with 36% having a first stage or higher degree. Another 10% had post-secondary non-tertiary level education, and 36% had received education up to secondary level, while 12% had received.% 24% 10% 6% 2% 4% 2% 2% 2% 6% 8% 2% 4% 4% 6% 6% 2% 2% 4% 2% 2% No. of interviewees 12 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 12 primary level education or less. A further 6% had other qualifications or the details of their education were not known. 2. 5. 6 Employment The volume (62%) of the interviewees worked in restaurants, while 30% worked in hotels. The stay 8% either worked in both hotels and restaurants, as agency workers, or in catering services. More than half of respondents (54%) said there were 10 or fewer employees where they worked.A further 22% said there were between 11 and 25 people where they worked. Only 6% worked for employers with between 26 to 49 people and 10% said there were 50 or more employees where they worked. However these figures should be treated with caution, and may underestimate the number working for larger employers, as respondents may have interpreted the questions as referring to the workplace or department of the hotel where they worked, rather than the employer as a whole. Almost half the interviewees (48%) worked as waiters or waitresses, either in hotels or restaurants.Another 20% were chefs or cooks, and a further 4% worked in kitchens as general assistants. 12% said they were supervisors or managers and 4% described themselves as cashiers. Another 10% worked in other jobs in hotels as receptionist, general assistant or porter/bar worker. The majority of workers were full-time (70%), while 14% said they worked parttime, and 14% were casual workers. Working hours were long. The largest proportion (40%) worked over 40 hours per week 10% worked between 41 and 48 hours, while almost a third (30%) said they worked over 48 hours a week.Just over a third (36%) worked between 21 and 40 hours a week. Only 6% did less than 20 hours a week. The majority (82%) had only one job at the time of the interview, with 18% having two or more jobs. However, some of those currently working in only one job talked of previous times in the sector when they had more than one job. 2. 5. 7 Union membership Only fiv e were members of a trade union (either the GMB or the TG), or 10% of the interviewees, although this is still a higher proportion than in the sector as a whole, where only 5% of workers are unionised (Wright and Pollert, 2005 25).2. 6 Data analysis All worker interviews were tape recorded and get down (or detailed notes were made where the quality of the recording did not allow for full transcription) with the participants consent, and field-notes were made shortly after the interviews. This data was analysed with the help of QSR N6 data analysis software product in order to assist a consistent and rigorous approach to the data being analysed. A thematic index was developed to categorise the transcripts according to major themes and transcripts were coded accordingly using the N6 software.